Progressivism
Progressivism has given to education six basic principles on which it operates:
1. The process of education finds its genesis and purpose in the child.
2. Pupils are active rather than passive.
3. The teacher’s role is that of an advisor, a guide, a fellow traveler, rather than an authoritarian and classroom director.
4. The school is a microcosm of the larger society. Learning should be integrated.
5. Classroom activity should focus on solving problems, rather than on artificial methods of teaching subject.
6. The social atmosphere of the school must be cooperative and democratic.
Perennialism
Perrenialists have given to education six basic principles on which they operate:
1. Man is a rational animal so as individuals develop their minds, they can use reason to control appetites, passions, and actions.
2. Knowledge is universally consistent, therefore there are certain basic subject matters that should be taught to all people.
3. The subject matter, not the child, should stand at the center of the educational endeavor.
4. The great works of the past are a repository of knowledge and wisdom which has stood the test of time and are relevant in our day.
5. Human nature is consistent, so education should be the same for everyone.
6. The educational experience is a preparation for life, rather than a real-life situation.
Behaviorism
Behaviorists contributed four basic principles to education:
1. Humans are highly-developed animals who learn in the same way that other animals learn. Scientists can refine the techniques of teaching through experimentation with animals.
2. Education is a process of behavioral engineering. People are programmed to act in certain ways by their environment. Behavior may be modified by manipulating environmental re-enforcers.
3. The teacher’s role is to create an effective learning environment that will provide positive reinforcement.
4. Efficiency, economy, precision and objectivity are central value considerations. Teachers are accountable and responsible for what children learn.
Essentialism
Essentialists have given three major principles to education:
1. The school’s task is to teach basic knowledge. Basic subject matters should be mastered at the elementary and secondary school levels to eliminate illiteracy at the college level.
2. Learning is hard work and requires discipline. Memorization, drill, and problem solving methods foster learning.
3. The teacher is the focus of the classroom activity. She decides what students ought to learn and is responsible for presenting the subject matter in a logical sequence and has the right to discipline students to create a conducive learning environment.
Existentialism
Existentialism focuses on helping the child into a fuller realization of self based on the following propositions:
1. I am a choosing agent–unable to avoid choosing my way through life.
2. I am a free agent–free to set the goals of my own life.
3. I am a responsible agent–personally accountable for my free choices as they are revealed in how I live my life.
Humanism
Progressivism has given to education six basic principles on which it operates:
1. The process of education finds its genesis and purpose in the child.
2. Pupils are active rather than passive.
3. The teacher’s role is that of an advisor, a guide, a fellow traveler, rather than an authoritarian and classroom director.
4. The school is a microcosm of the larger society. Learning should be integrated.
5. Classroom activity should focus on solving problems, rather than on artificial methods of teaching subject.
6. The social atmosphere of the school must be cooperative and democratic.
Perennialism
Perrenialists have given to education six basic principles on which they operate:
1. Man is a rational animal so as individuals develop their minds, they can use reason to control appetites, passions, and actions.
2. Knowledge is universally consistent, therefore there are certain basic subject matters that should be taught to all people.
3. The subject matter, not the child, should stand at the center of the educational endeavor.
4. The great works of the past are a repository of knowledge and wisdom which has stood the test of time and are relevant in our day.
5. Human nature is consistent, so education should be the same for everyone.
6. The educational experience is a preparation for life, rather than a real-life situation.
Behaviorism
Behaviorists contributed four basic principles to education:
1. Humans are highly-developed animals who learn in the same way that other animals learn. Scientists can refine the techniques of teaching through experimentation with animals.
2. Education is a process of behavioral engineering. People are programmed to act in certain ways by their environment. Behavior may be modified by manipulating environmental re-enforcers.
3. The teacher’s role is to create an effective learning environment that will provide positive reinforcement.
4. Efficiency, economy, precision and objectivity are central value considerations. Teachers are accountable and responsible for what children learn.
Essentialism
Essentialists have given three major principles to education:
1. The school’s task is to teach basic knowledge. Basic subject matters should be mastered at the elementary and secondary school levels to eliminate illiteracy at the college level.
2. Learning is hard work and requires discipline. Memorization, drill, and problem solving methods foster learning.
3. The teacher is the focus of the classroom activity. She decides what students ought to learn and is responsible for presenting the subject matter in a logical sequence and has the right to discipline students to create a conducive learning environment.
Existentialism
Existentialism focuses on helping the child into a fuller realization of self based on the following propositions:
1. I am a choosing agent–unable to avoid choosing my way through life.
2. I am a free agent–free to set the goals of my own life.
3. I am a responsible agent–personally accountable for my free choices as they are revealed in how I live my life.
Humanism
Humanism has made three contributions to education, namely:
1. open classrooms,
2. free schools,
3. schools without failure.
Reconstructionism
Reconstructionism application to education is twofold:
Reconstructionism
Reconstructionism application to education is twofold:
1. the identification of major problem areas of controversy, conflict and inconsistency in subject areas such as economics, sociology, political science, psychology, and anthropology;
2. the use of methodologies, such as role plays, simulations and jurisprudential models to create awareness of problems and openness to solutions.